Genetically Modified Foods

Genetically Modified Foods Assignment #6 By Danish Ahmed 103323080 2633-2 Lauzon Road Windsor, ON. N8T 2Z5 (519)-251-1776 [email  protected] ca 26-100-91 Legebow December 6, 2010 2-2633 Lauzon Road Windsor, Ontario, N8T 2Z5 December 6, 2010 Chris Legebow Professor English Dept. University of Windsor Dear Prof. Legebow, I am writing to submit Assignment #6. Throughout my time enrolled in this course, I have learned many valuable lessons. However, the most important lesson that I have learned is how to be a better writer. By completing the various assignments in this course, particularly the substantiation assignment, I have learned how to better explain my opinions as well as support them. However, one of the major challenges that I faced in this course was properly citing my work. Since I have used a different style of citation throughout high school, it was difficult for me to adjust to the new citation rules at the university level. With regards to assignment six, I enjoyed completing this assignment. Part of the reason why I enjoyed it was that it was a topic that I really liked. However, the tricky part of the assignment, according to me, was coming up with facts to support the essay. Nevertheless, I believe that I did a pretty good job finding enough evidence to support the thesis. Overall, I was pretty satisfied with this course. Although I did not achieve the mark I desired, I still learned valuable lessons throughout the course of this subject. One specific quality that I liked about this course was the use of Turnitin. It was a very helpful tool which made handing in assignment very easy and convenient. Another aspect of the course that I really admired was the availability of the Catalyst. Due to its easy access, I was able to learn key skills to help strengthen my assignments. Last but not least, the use of peer review was very beneficial as well. It was a very unique tool to help students improve their essay. One thing that I do recommend for the future is to provide the students with a grading criteria. Often times, I was confused as to what I need to incorporate to ensure I receive the proper marks. Nevertheless, this is a very educational course and I highly recommend it to future students. I wish to thank you for reviewing my assignment. If you have any question please contact me at [email  protected] ca and (519)-251-1776 to reach you at. Sincerely, Danish Ahmed Student Number: 103323080 Business Administration DA ENCLOSURES: Assignment #6 COPY: FILE Genetically Modified Foods The release and use of genetically modified (GM) crops and GM-derived ingredients has caused debates in many parts of the world. Moreover, many experts, despite having conflicting views, share a good deal of common ground on certain features of the GM debate: in particular, the GM foods’ unknown long term effects. In other words, experts agree that many issues, like potential health, ecological, and economical hazards, concerning GM foods merit attention due to the current, uncertain results of GM food technology. GM crops come under the broad category of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and defined as organisms whose genetic information has been altered by DNA Recombinant Technology (a technique that allows the artificial combination of genetic material of different individuals) (Whitman 1). Although this scientific technique is fairly recent, it has, nevertheless, revolutionized the agricultural industry. Scientist are now able to produce new species of rice, maize, soy bean, corn and many other staple crops with resistance to drought, herbicides and many pests (Campbell and Reece 406). As such, it holds the potential to increase crop yield as fewer crops are destroyed due to environmental conditions. However, it was not until 1998 when GM crops’ initial drawbacks were realized. Genetically modified foods, including both raw crops and processed ingredients, impose serious health risks, both to humans and other organisms. Moreover, there is evidence that genetic modifications can trigger uncontrollable genetic interactions amongst the host genes, endangering many agricultural species. In August 1998 the first controversy was sparked, especially in Europe, by a report from a leading nutrition researcher, Dr. Arpad Pusztai, concerning the safety of GM foods. Pusztai claimed that GM food fed rats showed stunted growth and weak immune systems. His report, however, was greatly criticized and rejected by many scientists because of lack of substantial evidence (Pusztai 1). Nevertheless, the report opened up an area of contemplation. In May 2005, a report published by Monsanto, a leading biotech firm, confirmed differences in kidney sizes and blood composition of rats fed with GM corn (Lendman 1). Although these documented reports are limited to laboratory settings, the results do point to a possibility of health hazards in the long run. It is evident that GM foods require more research before they are safe for consumption because if the symptoms do arise, it will affect a wide range of consumers and the damage will be impossible to overcome. Apart from direct health hazards, there are concerns over the emergence of insecticide resistant weeds and pests because of GM foods (Weaver 160). Since certain species of GM crops are resistant to insecticides, they allow farmers to spray more chemicals in order to avoid weeds and pests from destroying their harvests. However, since all living organisms are biological entities subject to the natural processes of evolution and ecology, any insecticide designed to kill an organism adds selective pressure for resistance on that target organism. According to S. A Weaver and M. C. Morris of the Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Ethics, this theoretical concern has been repeatedly demonstrated with the emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in human medicine and in the evolution of resistance to chemical pesticides in agriculture (Weaver 161). There are over 500 species of insects known to be resistant to insecticides, and the numbers will steadily grow if not controlled (Bergman 1). Insecticide resistance poses severe effects to agriculture and health. If pests become resistant to conventional insecticides, more quantities of more powerful chemicals may have to be used. This increased use of insecticides will, in turn, increase chemical exposure on other forms of life in the surrounding area, including humans, and will have adverse effects on soil and water due to run offs (National Research Council 2). These effects are amplified in regions where GM crops are planted as GM crops, unlike conventional crops, do not absorb or breakdown any of these chemicals. As such, more chemicals are left over in active form. Nevertheless, the lives of humans and other organisms are endangered. Another potential health concern in using GM foods is the possibility of allergic reactions in humans due to the insertion of exotic genes into plants. This hazard came into notice in 1993 when Pioneer Hi-Bred International, another biotech firm, developed a soybean variety with an added gene from a Brazil nut. A study later done by the University of Nebraska revealed that the added gene could cause allergic reactions in humans (Leary 1). The second category of risks is that to the environment, especially by insecticide-resistant GM crops. Insecticide-resistant crops make up the largest segment of GM crops. According to statistics, nearly 81% of all GM crops harvested worldwide contained a gene for insecticide resistance (Sustainable Agricultural Network 3). Since all agricultural systems exist within an overall ecosystem, there is concern among scientists that numerous complex interrelationships amongst natural organisms can become disrupted by the introduction of GM crops. This concern became particularly important in a study done in the United Kingdom in May 2005 which proved that biodiversity was lower in fields with insecticide-resistant crops when compared to the conventional varieties (Weaver 169). The reason for the shocking results was attributed to the physical differences between insecticide resistant plants and conventional crops. Insecticide resistant plants have immunity to chemicals and pests because they produce a form of toxic protein called Bt protein (Weaver 160). During conventional insecticide spraying, only the above ground part of the plant is exposed to chemicals. However, in the case of insecticide resistant GM crops, toxin is present throughout the plant, even in the roots. When the GM crops are harvested, the remains of the roots release these Bt toxins. Thus, the concentration of toxins in the soil is increased, endangering even the beneficial organisms of the area. The effect of toxins expressed through GM crops is, therefore, of real concern. However, the biggest environmental concern associated with genetic modification is the inability to prevent exotic genetic material from transferring into the wild population. Many experts are concerned that the genes inserted into GM crops to increase their yield might transfer into weeds by complex genetic movement pathways (Pandey 1). This would cause the spread of â€Å"super weeds. † Such weeds will become immune to the chemicals normally used to control them, resulting in the use of stronger chemical controls (Randerson 1). The surrounding population of organisms, including humans, will inevitably be affected with increased toxicity in the environment. There is also a concern that insect resistance genes in GM plants may escape into the wild, leading to the more rapid development of resistance in insect populations, or to insect resistance in wild plants. Nevertheless, the delicate relationship that exists in the ecosystem will be disrupted, as the normal insect-plant relationship will be altered. Although these are one of the first instances of genetic transfer, scientists are now beginning to question GM foods’ implications on the environment. The third category of risks is that relating to economics. Despite increased yields, GM crops remain an economical concern, especially to the third world. This concern is highlighted by the development of a highly controversial genetically modified food technology – the terminator seed. The terminator seeds are genetically modified to produce plants that bear infertile seeds, which the biotech companies feel will reduce gene transfer into the wild (McDonagh 1). However, analysts feel these seeds could devastate small farmers everywhere and give multinational biotech companies an even stronger grip on world food production since terminator technology will force farmers to buy new seeds every season instead of reusing seeds from their crops (Mooney 1). Even if terminator technology is outlawed, GM crops will still not allow third world nations to compete with the developed countries in the area of agriculture. Since all of the major genetically modified seeds are patented by multinational biotech companies, the prices of these seeds are controlled by such corporations (Nestle 1). Struggling economies, whose major financial resources depend on agricultural exports, are unable to purchase these seeds. Moreover, conventional crops are no match to the increased harvests of GM crops. As such, most of the market share is owned by developed nations who harbour major biotech companies. Hence, the global economy is affected due to the sanctioning of GM foods. In conclusion, the concern about the genetic modification of food is an issue that involves complex area of study, like health, ecology and economics. The combination of theoretical knowledge and empirical data provided clearly outlines the associated risks of genetic modification of food/crops in the long run. Unlike conventional crops, GM crops are inherently unstable in expressing their genetic information and exhibit abnormal proteins which cause fatal allergic reactions and other health risks in humans and other organisms. Moreover, the genetic transfer of information from GM crops to the wild can promote the evolution of â€Å"super weeds† and insecticide resistant pests, causing disturbances in delicate ecological relationships and increased use of pesticides. Furthermore, the decision to release GM foods holds important economic concerns that must be addressed when assessing the risks of GM foods. The terminator seed technology as well as increased involvement of biotech corporations in the agriculture business can bring about changes in the global economy, some of which could be catastrophic for the developing nations. Works Cited Bergman, Jerry. Pesticide Resistance in Insects: Bad News for Macroevolution Theory. Association of Alberta. April 2004. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Campbell, Neil, and Jane Reece. Biology. San Francisco: Pearson, 2005. Print. Leary, Warren. Genetic Engineering of Crops Can Spread Allergies, Study Shows. New York Times. 14 March 1996. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Lendman, Stephen. Health Hazards of Genetically Engineered Foods. Rense. 22 February 2008. Web. 28 Nov 2010. McDonagh, Sean. The Pros and Cons of GE Foods. Columban. 2003. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Mooney, Pat. Terminator Seeds Threaten an End to Farming. Third World Traveler. 1998. Web. 28 Nov 2010. National Research Council. Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1996. Print. Nestle, Marion. One Company. Lots of Patented Seeds. Most of Your Food. The Daily Green. 12 March 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Pandey, A. Genetically modified food: Its uses, future prospects and safety assessments. Science Alert. 21 October 2010. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Pusztai, Arpad. Genetically Modified Foods: Are They a Risk to Human/Animal Health?. ActionBioscience. June 2001. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Randerson, James. Genetically-modified Superweeds â€Å"not uncommon† . New Scientist. 5 February 2002. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Sustainable Agriculture Network. Clarification on the Prohibition of Genetically Modified Crops. Sustainable Agriculture Network. July 2008. Web. 28 Nov 2010. Weaver, Sean. â€Å"Risks associated with genetic modification: An annotated bibliography of peer reviewed natural science publications. † Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics 18. 2 (2005):157-189. Print. Whitman, Deborah. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful?. ProQuest. April 2000. Web. 28 Nov 2010.

The role of engineers in policy making

Policies target jobs. Policy sets forth an apprehension through regulations that govern a state of affairs necessitating declaration. It is created in both domestic and international kingdoms as public policy, with ends of promotion in mark countries such as instruction, wellness and public assistance, defence, and in-migration. While these may be readily accepted as longstanding issues in humanity, with continuing recognition of their being and on-going outgos of monies toward proposed solutions, we must inquire why our policies do n't give us coveted consequences. At a national degree, certain political procedures exist to guarantee that democratic engagement in policymaking exists and this typically occurs â€Å" inside nation-states † ( Stone 2008:23 ) . While critical analysis reveals restrictions to the procedure, there is no such procedure in making international policy. Nanz and Steffek ( 2004 ) remark that â€Å" International administration is distant from citizens, its processs are opaque, and it is dominated by diplomats, administrative officials and functional specializers. † Stone ( 2008:24 ) farther claims that this restriction â€Å" has incapacitated critical thought. † Functional specializers advise diplomats and administrative officials as to the range and comprehensiveness of a given societal job. Horowitz ( 1979:1 ) called them, societal scientists, as â€Å" bookkeepers of the psyche. † They collect informations, proctor advancement, and evaluate consequences to suggest a theory that supports the ir research and probe. They do so in as non-partisan an attack as possible because the strength of their statement is from their rational neutrality ( Stone 2001 ) and assumes the interlingual rendition of the job is right ( Ricoeur 2006:11-29 ) . This positive attack is reinforced by an â€Å" operational codebook for making societal scientific discipline work within a governmental context † ( Horowitz 1979:6 ) . It has been observed during past legion old ages that the consecutive enlargement of the radio communicating and printing imperativeness, have enabled the omnipresent formation, defining, and distribution of information. As a consequence of such advancement, the aptitude for world-wide engagement in determination devising in political relations and other Fieldss has grown to an extraordinary degree, as has the chance for heightening the quality of life. Nowadays, the new universe of vigorous communiqu & A ; Atilde ;  © lies before us and it has all been made likely by the ability, endowment, and devoted work of scientists and applied scientists. The key is to develop and use such ability to reason the fate. Soon, we are come ining in a new epoch of distributed intelligence in which information and cognition is available anyplace to any individual at any clip. In this epoch, information, duty and power moved off from centralized control to the person. Within this position, scientists and applied scientists play a drastic function. Our construction of preparation and instruction must therefore prepare future technology and scientific discipline professionals to shoulder lifting duties and pattern lifting chances. Engineers played a drastic function in technology field by enabling the Industrial Revolution and information age. Furthermore, it is apparent that technological invention is the key to economic growing and wealth creative activity in any state. Harmonizing to the study of National Science Boar and U.S. Council of Economic Advisors, technological revolution has boost up the economic growing by one tierce over the past 50 old ages. Harmonizing to the celebrated economic experts, Peter Drucker, â€Å" wealth is an information building, a human activity that can capitulate both invention and productiveness † . Knowledge maps to duties we already cognize how to make can hike efficiency, while cognition pattern to errands that are new and different is freshness, the procedure of crafting new concerns and administer new services and merchandises to multitudes. The true energy of a state lies in its human capital, peculiarly its technology labour force. Engineers develop new merchandises and procedure and trade and administer new systems for civil fabrication, substructure, information direction, wellness attention bringing, computing machine communications, and others. In common, applied scientists put all their cognition and experience to work for society and help the private sector ‘s latent to craft occupations and wealth for the multitudes. To boom and shore up up richness, applied scientists must show more than first rate scientific and proficient expertness. In a increasingly more competitory universe, applied scientists aid us to do valuable and right determinations about puting immense sum of money, human resources and clip towards common ends. Engineers are the individual who knows how to execute right undertakings at right clip every bit good as knows the right undertakings to execute. For case, applied scientists are able to work in squads and posses good communicating accomplishments. Furthermore, they are resilient, adjustable and flexible. Engineers chiefly focus on the busying a systems attack in their occupation to do correlativity within the model of political, economic, environmental, ethical, and international considerations. Another common illustration is innovation procedure as illustrated by Drucker, i.e. bring forthing and giving from new things contrary to efficiency which implies merely building bin g things more proficiently. On the other manus, the ether of technology is mixing all cognition for some purpose. Engineers as societies â€Å" maestro planimeters † must offer direction in the synchronised and synergistic class of invention and wealth formation. Furthermore, the applied scientist must be able to work across legion diverse Fieldss and subjects and do the associations that will escort to subterranean penetration, more advanced elucidation, and acquiring things completed. Presents, it is revealed that technology pupils spend most of their profession managing with the challenge vastly diverse from those experienced by applied scientists in this new epoch. The rational capablenesss of the hereafter applied scientists will spread out vastly beyond the conventional scientific discipline focused preparation that has portrayed technology tutoring since Second World War. 634 There are certain factors that contribute drastically to this new push, which include worldwide commercial completion which involves the technology employment and industrial organisation chances offered by intelligent engineering normally known as eclectic which is continuously altering occupation environment naming for acute interpersonal accomplishments and lifting apprehension of the demand to put wellness, environment, and safety at the beginning of the design class. Engineers gained mathematical and scientific accomplishments which are considered compulsory for their occupation success. As most of the technology professionals are equipped with the following capablenesss they can execute an outstanding occupation in policy devising for the major Fieldss of the state. These capablenesss are: * Plan in order to run into dependability, safety, and environmental, operational, cost and care aims. * Recognize merchandises i.e. goods or services. * To craft or explicate, manage and continued intricate systems. * Comprehend the physical physique and the industrial, political, economic, societal and international position within which technology is experienced. * Participate and grok the research procedure. * Possess the rational capablenesss needed for larning throughout the whole life. Technology is all approximately practical job work outing in the altering physical universe utilizing proficient, scientific and concern accomplishments. The realistic nature of technology signifies that technology expertness and advice is of important value in explicating a policy and present different countrywide undertakings. For case the desire for technology advice is peculiarly relevant in the field of clime alteration. The biggest trial presents to any authorities is explored for grounds for clime alteration alternatively of explore for resources to hedge its progress and palliating its consequence that is the issue of technology and engineering. Furthermore, crafting professional judgements about the feasibleness of any national undertaking is an built-in portion of the technology preparation. It is become clear that technology advice in policy devising can be a critical in many policy countries. Government has consulted many applied scientists for different countries for policy devising like critical national substructure, Rescue operations, and Energy sectors. Many Government and research institute together with the joint coaction started new ventures to advance different invention and research of energy undertakings for case undertakings where technology is the bosom of the scheme of the Government for heading towards a C impartial economic system. Furthermore, in the recent few old ages, there is a turning support for applied scientist ‘s function in policy devising by the Government every bit good as in private sectors. One of the premier grounds for the lifting demand is that most of the policy shapers are of the sentiment that Engineers possess necessary expertness and accomplishments in the development of natural resources to run into national marks and tests. Furthermore, most of the applied scientists are adept in direction of appraisal and hazard of the technological elucidation to trials like security of energy supply or clime alteration which serves as a necessary portion of good and effectual policy devising. Government is doing immense assignment of applied scientists in public sector to turn its economic system swimmingly. Such assignment would besides travel a important manner to guarantee that technology is decently corresponded to Government and that the desires and parts of applied scientists are dealt wi th by Government in a strategic manner. Most of the policy shapers are of the sentiment that applied scientists who are best qualified should put finest pattern in technology advocate for the Government. Just like a Chief Scientific Adviser is needed for the scientific discipline policy in a section of the Government, likewise technology expertness is needed to explicate a best possible technology policy. Furthermore, Government has besides recognized the significance of applied scientists in policy devising. Many policy shapers believed that suited gratitude should be given to Engineering and Technology in the policy formulating process. The applied scientists has to execute assorted occupations in policy devising procedure as it must be guarantee that their advice has sufficient capacity existed to run into states need. Engineering is non limited to civil service as its capacity and range of work is far more than civil technology. Furthermore, it is recommended that Government needs to be a wise patronage for technology services and advice when it receives. This means that Government should engage such staff for policy devising procedure that understand and measure their best technology advice. Furthermore, such staff should lend with groundss and assess proficient grounds to assorted sectors. Evidence based policy in chief countries such as low C conveyance, energy supply and clime alteration. Such marks and ends in these countries are accomplishable merely if the input of the policy advisors peculiarly technology advises has a clear apprehension of the needed grounds of the given field. China is still a underdeveloped state and it fleetly building itself, factually, and applied scientists are extremely valued in such state. Furthermore, the advancement of Japan lies in a fact that it has conventionally a really strong technology base. It develop itself after the war through high tech technology industries wh ich consequences in a strong economic system of Japan. No uncertainty that bulk in the bing epoch has been enormously attracted towards fiscal services but still both Government value applied scientists and gives them high topographic points to work in policy devising procedure. Engineers can play a drastic function in the recovery of economic system through good policy devising. Engineering and economic recovery sounds two different Fieldss but is closely related with each other with a broader position. Professional applied scientist ‘s occupations are non limited to planing and edifice things that resolve practical issues in the echt universe. Engineering is a much broader term and the range of applied scientist is far more than civil service. Most of the major challenges of the state every bit good as the Earth are handiness of energy at cheaper rate, security issues, clime alteration and H2O handiness are the cardinal issues that needs expertness of applied scientists to repair them. Government needs applied scientists to work closely that represent different subdivisions of technology. However, in wider position, technology community, with a collaborative association of more than 400,000 qualified professional people has late felt that they are to some extent undervalued by policy shapers and politicians voyaging the economic system. Some of the policy shapers nevertheless revealed that technology advice in policy devising procedure are wholly helpful in the station industrial economic system. They believed that the hereafter of the state economic system is predominately in service industries peculiarly in technology industry and fiscal sector. A recent study of technology council revealed that they have found technology field as one of the greatest strength of the economic system and were delighted to happen out that applied scientists are immensely considered internationally more than their places. Furthermore, it is observed that the state failed to utilize its technology lineage to confront the economic challenges coming down line. Gradually the Government took drastic stairss to engage applied scientists in different sections of the Government machinery peculiarly in policy devising to hike up the economic system.Mentions:Horowitz, Irving L. 1979 Constructing Policy: Dialogues with Social Scientists in the National Political Arena. New York: Praeger Publishers. Nanz, Patrizia and Jens Steffek 2004 Global Governance, Participation and the Public Sphere. Government and Opposition 39 ( 2 ) :314-335. Ricoeur, Paul 2007 Reflections on The Just. Chicago: The University Chicago Press. Rock, Deborah 2001 Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision-Making. New York: W. W. Norton.

A LESSON in HIDING

A LESSON in HIDING TriÃ'•tÐ °n nÐ °rrÐ ¾wÐ µd her eyes and glÐ °nÃ' Ã µd Ð ¾vÐ µr her slumped Ã'•hÐ ¾uldÐ µrÃ'• as she hÐ °Ã'•tilÃ'Æ' Ã' rÐ ¾Ã'•Ã'•Ð µd the Ã'•trÐ µÃ µt to her usual lunchtime spot, Cals diner. She Ã'•milÐ µd Ã' Ã ¾ngÐ µniÐ °llÃ'Æ' at the big man behind the grill and wÐ °vÐ µd at the rÐ µdhÐ µÃ °dÐ µd wÐ °itrÐ µÃ'•Ã'•. The usual Trish? Melanies tinkling vÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ Ã'•Ð ¾undÐ µd Ð ¾ut frÐ ¾m bÐ µhind the counter Ð °Ã'• she grabbed a menu and two empty mugs. Yeah and make Ã'•urÐ µ TriÃ'•tÐ °n winked at the big man and Ã'•milÐ µd Ð °Ã'• MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µ tÐ ¾Ã ¾k a Ã'•Ð µÃ °t across frÐ ¾m her. It was hard to bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ she hÐ °d bÐ µÃ µn fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µd to move here 3 months ago. Her body shivers from the past of her life which forces her to leave all the things behind and go to new place. She was deeply in thought of the past situation. Her boss was killed bitterly in some political ties and she wa s in protective custody of FBI and relocated to the middle of nowhere. She sighed and pushed all the painful memories when she her only friend to MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µ prattle about the dÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• Ã' uÃ'•tÐ ¾mÐ µrÃ'•. Did Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u Ã'•Ð µÃ µ Mr. TÐ °ll, dark? MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µÃ'• Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'• glazed Ð ¾vÐ µr as she glanced Ã'€Ð ¾intÐ µdlÃ'Æ' at a few table Ð °Ã' rÐ ¾Ã'•Ã'• frÐ ¾m uÃ'•. Tristan curiously fÐ ¾llÐ ¾wÐ µd her gaze and blushed horribly Ð °Ã'• she met a Ã'•Ð µt of smiling dark brown eyes that rÐ ¾Ã °mÐ µd freely and without embarrassment Ð ¾vÐ µr her partially Ã' Ã ¾nÃ' Ã µÃ °lÐ µd bÐ ¾dÃ'Æ'. Melanies Ð °muÃ'•Ð µd expression fÐ °dÐ µd whÐ µn she Ã'•Ð °w the look of tÐ µrrÐ ¾r in her new friends Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'•, Ã'•urÐ µlÃ'Æ' she couldnt have known the man that Ã' Ã °mÐ µ in, Spence hardly Ð µvÐ µr frÐ µÃ"›uÐ µntÐ µd tÐ ¾wn and his lÐ °Ã'•t viÃ'•it would have bÐ µÃ µn a few wÐ µÃ µkÃ'• bÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ Trish had gotten here. Spence watched as the dÐ µlÐ µÃ' tÐ °blÐ µ little woman shift nÐ µrvÐ ¾uÃ'•lÃ'Æ' in her. He felt riÃ'•Ð µ up in him he was Ã'•urÐ µ he would find out and rid her of whatever was bothering her. A lean, Ã'•lightlÃ'Æ' angry lÐ ¾Ã ¾king man sat down across from the girl and he bit back the growl that wÐ °Ã'• rumbling in his Ã' hÐ µÃ'•t. TriÃ'•tÐ °n smiled Ã'€Ð ¾litÐ µlÃ'Æ' up at Rick bÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ lowering her eyes back to the table, the man’s intense gaze Ð °lwÐ °Ã'Æ'Ã'• set her on edge and she couldnt keep lÐ ¾Ã ¾king at him in the Ð µÃ'Æ'Ð µÃ'•. She picked at the fÐ ¾Ã ¾d MÐ µlÐ °niÐ µ Ã'€lÐ °Ã' Ã µd in frÐ ¾nt of her and Ã'•ighÐ µd loudly whÐ µn her Ã' Ã ¾mÃ'€Ð °niÐ ¾n didnt tart talking. Okay Rick, I know I messed up, but do Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u blame me? she winced. YÐ µÃ'• I Ã' Ã °n blame you! HÐ °d Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µÃ' Ã ¾gnizÐ µd this whole Ã'•ituÐ °tiÐ ¾n would have gotten wÐ ¾rÃ'•Ð µ. Id hÐ °tÐ µ to Ã'•Ð µÃ µ the rÐ µÃ'•t of Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur living family and up like Greg. The steel of his voice and the mention of her dÐ µÃ °d bÐ ¾Ã'•Ã'•Ã'• name sent hill racing through her bÐ ¾dÃ'Æ'. I think you nÐ µÃ µd to get Ã'•Ð ¾mÐ µ air. SÃ'€Ð µnÃ' Ã µÃ'• large hand Ã' lÐ °mÃ'€Ð µd Ð ¾vÐ µr Ricks shoulder as he stared down hard at the man. HÐ µÃ'Æ' buddy this Ã' Ã ¾nvÐ µrÃ'•Ð °tiÐ ¾n has nothing to do with you Ã'•Ð ¾ who dont you go bÐ °Ã' k to your meal and mind Ã'Æ'Ð ¾ur own buÃ'•inÐ µÃ'•Ã'•. Rick wÐ °Ã'• furious that this inferior mol was trying to scare him out of doing his job. Tristan blushed lightly at the large and very hÐ °ndÃ'•Ð ¾mÐ µ man’s appraisal; something within her hÐ ¾Ã'€Ð µd that hÐ µ would Ð °Ã'€Ã'€rÐ ¾vÐ µ and the rÐ µÃ'•t of her Ã'•Ã' Ã ¾ffÐ µd at the nÐ µÃ µd of no man’s Ð °Ã'€Ã'€rÐ ¾vÐ °l. Can I half Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u? Her tone wÐ °Ã'• Ã' riÃ'•Ã'€ and hÐ °rÃ'•hÐ µr thÐ °n she intended. He instead Ð µxtÐ µnd his hÐ °nd to hÐ µrÃ'• and sighed Ã'•Ð ¾ftlÃ'Æ' as her Ã'•tÐ °rtlÐ µd Ð µxÃ'€rÐ µÃ'•Ã'•iÐ ¾n fÐ °dÐ µd and she grasped his hÐ °nd, Ã'•Ð µnding Ã'•hÐ ¾Ã' kÃ'• of Ð µlÐ µÃ' triÃ' itÃ'Æ' Ã'•trÐ °ight through him. IÃ'• hÐ µ bÐ ¾thÐ µring you? SÃ'€Ð µnÃ' Ã µ glÐ °nÃ' Ã µd at the Ã'•mÐ °llÐ µr man and grinnÐ µd Ð °Ã'• hÐ µ briÃ'•tlÐ µd at his diÃ'•miÃ'•Ã'•Ð °l. He always bothers mÐ µ, but unfortunately I have no Ã' hÐ ¾iÃ' Ã µ in whÐ µthÐ µr I wÐ °nt to Ã'•Ð µÃ µ or talk to him. TriÃ'•tÐ °n glared at th e nÐ µÃ °rlÃ'Æ' sinister lÐ ¾Ã ¾king face Rick wÐ °Ã'• giving her; if looks could kill she would have bÐ µÃ µn six feet undÐ µr. Shut up Trish. Rick growled out. I will not tÐ ¾lÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u talking to her like that. I, unlike her, dont give two hit but who you or. Spence grÐ °bbÐ µd the man be the Ã'•Ã' ruff of his nÐ µÃ' k and fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µfullÃ'Æ' uÃ'•hÐ µrÐ µd him out of the building. I won’t be Ã'•Ð ¾ in the next time I Ã'•Ð µÃ µ you bulking round her. You just made a huge miÃ'•tÐ °kÐ µ buddy! You have no idÐ µÃ ° who you or faking with Rink bÐ µllÐ ¾wÐ µd Ð ¾ut as hÐ µ knÐ µÃ °dÐ µd the bÐ °Ã' k of his nÐ µÃ' k, the man dÐ µfiÐ °ntlÃ'Æ' had a grid to rÐ µÃ' kÐ ¾n with. I dont Ã' Ã °rÐ µ who you are, or who Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u work for. If you touch a hair and that womans hÐ µÃ °d or talk to her with anything but rÐ µÃ'•Ã'€Ð µÃ' t I will riÃ'€ your thrÐ ¾Ã °t Ð ¾ut and fÐ µÃ µd it to the wÐ ¾lvÐ µÃ'•. Do Ã'Æ'Ð ¾u undÐ µrÃ'•tÐ °nd me? said Spence with extreme anger. Rick lÐ ¾Ã ¾kÐ µd Ã'•tunnÐ µd at man that blÐ ¾Ã' kÐ µd him frÐ ¾m his target. If hÐ µ wouldnt move willingly Rick would have to urge him with fÐ ¾rÃ' Ã µ if nÐ µÃ' Ã µÃ'•Ã'•Ð °rÃ'Æ'. Yeah buddy I understand that youre some Ã'•Ð ¾rt of miÃ'•guidÐ µd Ð µÃ °vÐ µÃ'•drÐ ¾Ã'€Ã'€Ð µr that needs a Ã'•Ð µriÐ ¾uÃ'• lÐ µÃ'•Ã'•Ð ¾n in manners. MÐ °kÐ µ no miÃ'•tÐ °kÐ µ, just bÐ µÃ' Ã °uÃ'•Ð µ she saved your lifÐ µ today doesnt mean we won’t run into Ð µÃ °Ã' h other Ð °gÐ °in. SÃ'€Ð µnÃ' Ã µ turned on his hÐ µÃ °l, drÐ °Ã'€Ð µd Ð °n arm round Trish’s shoulder and walked her Ã' Ã °Ã'•uÐ °llÃ'Æ' back into the diner praying the guÃ'Æ' would fuck up and follow him back in, he nÐ µÃ µdÐ µd to find rÐ µlÐ µÃ °Ã'•Ð µ for this Ã'€Ð µnt-uÃ'€ Ð °ngÐ µr. Then, two love birds started meeting on and off. Their love spell started. One day, Spence asked Trish for a date and both of them had a qu ality time with each other. When they both were drinking, Spence asked her about the issue with Rick and the reason of her nervousness. At this question, she became infuriated and told him that Rick was dead. After her this reaction, Spence dropped Trish at her home and she took him in her home. Inside the back room, Trish had crawled out from underneath Spence. He fucked her like dog as she told him. She gripped a pillow in her fists and he breathed behind her, hot air down her back which was starting to sweat and slip on his stomach. She did not want him to see her face because it was blowing up inside, red and furious, and she’s grimacing at the pale white wall which was cool when she put her hand on it to help her push back into him, get his dick to fill up her body until there’s nothing left of her inside: just dick. While they both were having sex, Trish became werewolf and killed Spence as he did with her boss and Rick.

Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Health Administarion - Essay Example This helped them to take skill development programs and improve their performance. Most importantly, the reflective practice encouraged them to evolve and become more flexible to accept environmental changes vis-Ã  -vis technology, cultural diversity, challenges of job etc. While some believe that leadership is inherent, I am of the view that leadership traits can be developed. The various traits like accountability and strong sense of responsible behavior, integrity, honesty, critical thinking, flexibility, communication skill etc. are hugely important factors that make leaders effective. These traits are also something that can be cultivated. I foresee leadership development as means of enhancing the skills of communication, relationship building, improving decision making skills through informed choices. These things can be learnt through simulated clinical cases which are critical and require quick decisions. Moreover, interacting with senior and their peer group helps them to learn new ways of handling issues and resolve conflicts. Most importantly, programs must encourage acceptance of negative qualities so that they can be changed. It should equip them to turn adverse circumstances into new opportunities for success. (words:

Dr Harold Shipman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Dr Harold Shipman - Essay Example According to the study this habit of keeping to himself was copied from the mother who was known as Vera. Shipman was a comparatively bright student in school but turned out to be mediocre in his upper level in school. On January 2000, he was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died after hanging himself in prison in 2004. His father was a lorry driver and his mother was a house wife. He was a very good rugby player. The mother’s death from lung cancer had very devastating effects on the psyche of Harold. He met his wife at the university in Leeds where he was studying medicine. After completing his medical studies, he was employed at Rochdale Canal Commission and later joined Todmorden. It was while here that his signs of criminal behavior began to be noticed. He begun having blackouts that were at early stages linked to epilepsy. However, it was later discovered that the fits were caused by a drug called pethidine. He was administering this drug to the patients. He was also later accused of forgery. The news of his crimes was made public in 1998. From this paper it is clear that psychological explanations of crime are basically a reflection of very many ranges of perspectives in psychology.It is mainly pegged on individual differences. However, crime can occur in a social context therefore factors like ethnicity, gender as well as other dynamics can be ignored. The contribution of psychology is therefore very important in broadening our understanding of crimes and criminals. Earlier theories explaining criminal behavior explain criminal behavior to be as a result of defects existing in an individual. These defects are often viewed as either biological as well as psychological in nature. These defects are responsible for separating the criminal from the being a law abiding citizen.  

Topic of Interest Related to Business Law Essay

Topic of Interest Related to Business Law - Essay Example An agreement, which creates or has the intention to create a legal obligation, is a contract (Bays., 1920). Capacity to enter into a contract is the legal capability to enter into a contract. This means that an adult who is of sound mind can enter into a contract. Minors, mentally incapable persons and those who are drunk do not have the capacity to enter into a contract. Law says that when people enter into a contract then they should have the ability to know and understand the terms of a contract (Beatty, & Samuelson, 2006). Offer and acceptance according to law is meeting of the minds or 'concurrence of wills' or 'ad idem'. Normally for a contract to be effective must have an offer and an acceptance of that offer. The vital characteristics of a contract are that a person makes an offer with another accepting it. Offer and acceptance need not be always expressed orally or in writing, it can be implied also. The term of a contract if not expressed in words is an implied contract. If obligations are only forced on one party by virtue of acceptance to perform then such contracts are known as unilateral contracts. This was enunciated in the case of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (McKendrick, 2005) Consideration is the vital idea in the law of contracts and is necessary, in the majority cases, for a contract to be enforceable. ... 4. Consideration Consideration is the vital idea in the law of contracts and is necessary, in the majority cases, for a contract to be enforceable. Consideration is the price, which one has to pay for the promise of another. Consideration can be in the form of money, property, the doing of an act, or even refraining from doing an act and a promise. It means that if one accords to do something he was not otherwise legally compelled to do, then it means that he has given consideration. For instance, "Jack agrees to sell his car to Jill for $100. Jill's payment of $100 (or her promise to do so) is the consideration for Jack's promise to give Jill the car" (William Theophilus, 1912). Classification of Contracts For the sake of analysis, contracts can be classified in many different ways. The most general classifications of contracts are; "express" and "implied" contracts; "void" and "voidable" contracts; and "enforceable" and "unenforceable" contracts. Express and Implied Contracts If the terms of a contract are stated clearly, then such contracts are known as Express contracts. Express contracts may be written or oral. For instance when a valid offer is acknowledged, then it means that an express contract has been created. Implied contracts are generally referred to as "implied in fact." If the specifics of the transaction is not directly negotiated but are make know by the behavior of the parties then such contracts are implied. For example making an appointment with a repairman to have a broken washing machine fixed is an implied contract (http://law.jrank.org/pages/12504/ Contract-Law.html#ixzz0Uy1JwCUw accessed on October 25, 2009). The expression "implied in fact" is used to differentiate implicit arrangement from an

Effect of screening mammography on breast cancer Research Paper

Effect of screening mammography on breast cancer - Research Paper Example This listing of alternative treatments, under the current legal system, must even include the risks and benefits of non-treatment (Marshall, 2005). Despite being clinical screenings, including annual screening mammography and other treatments, being named the most effective method for reducing mortality and detecting early cancers by the United States Preventative Services Task Force (Greco et al., 2009), there is great difficulty in determining the actual efficacy of the technique on mortality rates (Spencer et al., 2004). The difficulty lies in separating the effect of screening on the actual mortality rates of detected cancers versus its effect on the time of detection, what researchers refer to as the lead-time bias (Spencer et al., 2004). Also, any longitudinal study faces the issue that as medical science improves, long-term survival rates for cancer patients improves as well. The sample becomes contaminated as the researchers cannot separate survival due to better screening or due to better treatment (Marshall, 2005). ... d screening mammography is generally done routinely only for women, a perception of its effectiveness should be examined under Madeleine Leininger's theory of transcultural nursing. Women in and of themselves could be considered a cultural group, and they are also subject to high levels of pressures on their behavior due to their cultural environment. Cultural care requires making allowances for the age, ethnic background, and other personal background characteristics of a patient (Hammerschmidt, Zagonel, and Lenardt, 2007). Breast cancer screening effectiveness must be looked at through the eyes of the women in different cultures, generations, racial and ethnic backgrounds, and income brackets (Shyyan et al., 2006; Wujcik et al., 2009), as the usage of screening treatments by all of these women is integral to the success of any study. Research Methodology The determination of effectiveness requires quantitative analysis of numerical data. The literature research method should theref ore focus on finding such statistics, but also ensuring that such statistics are comparable. Data from different age groups, for example, should not be analyzed together without allowances for that variance. CINAHL was searched for articles that contained the phrases â€Å"breast cancer†, â€Å"screening mammography†, and â€Å"breast cancer mortality†. The search was limited to articles since 2001. Additionally, Google Scholar was used to locate articles and information about the Leininger theory of cultural care. All sources used are from peer-reviewed medical and nursing journals to ensure the quality of the research. Review of Literature Two major types of studies exist about screening mammography: attempts to determine, empirically, the success of screening techniques, and the general

Do you need cosmetic surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Do you need cosmetic surgery - Essay Example The bonafides of genuine, necessary plastic surgery are, of course, beyond debate. Reconstructive plastic surgery, which is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns, trauma-induced bone injuries, congenital and developmental abnormalities, such as cleft palates, and abnormalities caused by diseases such as  cancer  or  tumors, is an essential and powerful tool of medical science. It is cosmetic surgery, or its more polished moniker, ‘Aesthetic plastic surgery,’ which is a fraud perpetrated on susceptible women and men by unscrupulous beneficiaries. Cosmetic surgery refers to the use of surgical techniques merely for the purpose of enhancing physical appearance. Cosmetic surgery runs the entire gamut of procedures from rhinoplasty and liposuction, to ‘tummy tucks’ and breast implants. It is medical science which has been corrupted for commercial use. It is a commercial industry, which has more in common with the cosmetic industry of f airness creams and hair colors, than with medical surgical procedures. The need of the hour is to bring cosmetic surgery under a strict regulatory mechanism as it is mere commercial exploitation, involves several risks, and engenders psychological disorders and abnormalities. According to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Americans spent nearly $10.7 billion on cosmetic procedures in 2010. Since 1997, there has been over 155% increase in the total number of cosmetic procedures. In 2010, there has been more than 1.6 million surgical procedures performed in the US. This in the midst of a recession which sees one of the highest rates of unemployment in the history of the nation! These statistics are convincing evidence of the burgeoning commercial aspect of cosmetic surgery. The ever-increasing reach of the cosmetic surgery industry is the result of a cleverly orchestrated program of advertisement and promotion, aimed at a beauty conscious younger generation. Fox's re ality TV makeover show, "The Swan 2,† was won by DeLisa Stiles after â€Å"she morphed into a beauty queen† (Dittman, APA), with the help of the entire gamut of cosmetic surgery procedures – from face to feet. According to the British Medical Journal, Britons spend over 400 million dollars a year on cosmetic surgery, and it’s one of the most common reasons women give for non-property loans. In the United Kingdom, My Big Fat Plastic Surgery Prize Draw  is a lottery sponsored by a cosmetic surgery group, with ?4,000 worth of surgery of your choice as the prize. Prize draws, loyalty card schemes, divorcee packages, magazine competitions and online deals are all part of the advertising strategy to pull susceptible youth into the money-spinning cosmetic surgery industry (skininc.com). These marketing gimmicks are unscrupulous means of generating profit. The commercial potential of cosmetic surgery has even spawned a tourism industry. ‘Plastic Surgery Pa ckage Tours’ are now being hawked not only by several agencies, but also by governments, such as Thailand. The Tourism Authority of Thailand has promoted cosmetic surgery as it would any commodity – eighty percent of the clientele is foreign (Cullen, Time). Such a blatantly commercial enterprise continues to masquerade as a part of medical science! In aggressively marketing cosmetic surgery as a money-spinning concern, its advocates and beneficiaries conveniently ignore the

Globally Optimized Operations Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globally Optimized Operations - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, all parties logistically involved in optimized operations must ensure they work together for the success of the supply chain. Secondly, a wise investment in IT also spearheads a successful achievement of chain supply logistics. Variety of quantity chain supply practices are available, though lack informational values. Supply chain to some extent can be ineffective if companies do not embark on a selective mode of IT solution that best suits their specified supply chain requirements. It is preferably important to ensure that all budget considerations, logistical operational goals and other relevant optimal operations factors are put in place. These factors are predominantly the most effective tools for regaining control over operation procedures and proving supply chain customers with visibility and service. This research paper explains the globally optimized operations. Globally optimized operations analytically must provide clear and conscious information. Logistically, using a single automated database ensures that trading partners can fasten their communication variables in a language compatible with other companies. The communication aspect of globally optimized operations ensures that the logistical companies easily identifies themselves with common and key performance indicators that provide superimposed levels of integration for the shared processes and systems in the global corporation system. Ideally, keeping the staff’s skills up to date may also act as a rationally globally operationalized operations element. The IT department of the optimized operation or the technology resource should have an overwhelmingly quality-assured process (Bomze, 2007). Quality assurance in the globally optimized operations ensures all the skills are current and moves in a forward direction, which is in line with all the logistical operations. The docum entation of the optimized operations and learning resources must be put in

The Four Prototypes of Community Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Four Prototypes of Community Justice - Essay Example The main goal of community justice is preventing community crime, community policing, defending the community, community prosecution and restorative court systems. The idea is formed around the notion that the community takes control of its policing activities in collaboration with the police system (Hayes & Bryant, 2002). This management of the community’s own public safety is essential because it gets everyone involved. This improves the flow of information to the authorities. The methodology that will be employed in this analysis will involve an in-depth analysis of books authored and online discussions on the prototypes. This analysis will look to summarize and evaluate the extent of these prototypes and their application in the practical community setting. The idea of community justice will also be evaluated in general, and its practicality analyzed. A study of books authored on this subject will provide an essential source of material in the analysis. The study is also mainly meant to analyze the four different prototypes of the community justice system and their overall effectiveness. Citizen involvement in activities of crime prevention has become a normal practice in many communities. This has led to collaboration with the police to achieve reduced criminal activity in the communities. Because the community structure has changed, the dynamics of the nature of crimes has also increased (Cadora et al., 2011). The community struggles to keep up with these changes. Mobilization is one of the ways of ensuring that the changes felt in the community are achieved. In the mobilization model, police look to act as leaders in the community and mobilize members of the community. This mobilization is done to individuals and also to business representatives, educational institutions, both local and state owned, social providers and the youth. These and other groups are mobilized

Write-Up on the Negotiation of Teachers’ Association with Board of Education Essay Example for Free

Write-Up on the Negotiation of Teachers’ Association with Board of Education Essay Negotiation is a process of entering into dialogues which are intended (i) to resolve disputes, (ii) to produce an agreement upon courses of action, (iii) to bargain for individual or collective advantage, or (iv) to craft outcomes to satisfy various interests. The essence of negotiation in this case therefore is to bargain for individual or collective advantage.   We, the Teachers’ Association appeared before the Board of Education for a negotiation on workload and benefits and this write-up presents the salient points discussed and finalized during the negotiation process. 1. Workload Workload section is usually a less important area that our association would care to negotiate. Therefore we agreed for the proposal of 51 layoffs at Day 1 on the hope of getting a better deal in other terms of negotiation. It was our thinking that normally teachers will be required to work extra hours so that they can take better care of students as it was expected of us. Therefore, it is thought reasonable to accept their proposal of increasing 55 minutes of working per day. Similarly we accepted their offer of reduction in â€Å"prep† time so that teachers will be able to adjust their own time efficiently. Thus we can say that the negotiation process for issues relating to workload went on very well without any hard arguments or hesitation on either side. Although we were made to give up on some points, the Board of Education was ready to accept our offers on duty-free time and emergency assignments by Board. Our strategy in this section was to align our interests with those of the Board so that we both could figure out the best ways to achieve best results. We understood their true interest in changing the teacher/student ratio from 32:1 to 37:1 so that they could solve their primary problem. During the negotiation in this area, both the Teachers’ Association and the Board of Education were very much willing to work together. It was not the case that the other party in the process of integrating the strategies expected big and very important concessions from our side. 2. Benefits As compared to the workload section, the negotiation process for the benefits section was tougher. In fact it was necessary to have two short breaks during the negotiation to clear the air as there were heated arguments and discussions. The Teachers’ Association was looking for good results out of this negotiation to make teachers feel better and to bring more actual calculated cost benefits to the teachers for their hard work. We also knew that the concession from our side will pay off the deficits from the side of the Board of Education. The Board even though tried to solve their main problem, was not willing to accept our proposals without arguments. They presented their arguments and points very strongly. Therefore we had to adopt an assertive strategy to strongly present our proposals. We stood our ground and presented our standpoints more strongly and at no point of time we were willing to accept their offer. Although, it took more than 30 minutes for reaching an agreement, finally they accepted all of our proposals except the offer on childbirth leave. To reach an agreement on the childbirth leave, the Board of education had to reveal their bottom line with cost calculation. On the basis of the exact data of the costs required to fulfill the childbirth leave benefit, both the sides could find an agreeable point. In the whole negotiation process the Teachers’ Association showed the Board the precise interests of our side with an assertive strategy and the Board of Education extended their cooperation with their honesty.

Criminal Justice System Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice System Essay When defining crime it different from country or may be even states such as in the United State American, according to the law at hand. In this paper, one will learn the definition of crime as it applies here in the U.S.A in Its relationship to the law, and the two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal. One will also describe the government structure as it applies to the criminal justice system. Then identify choice theories and their assumptions in regard to crime. Furthermore, describe the components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process. In addition, identify the goals of the criminal justice system. Last but not least, one will address one’s thought on if the criminal justice system is a system. Finally, one will summarize the conclusion in its entirety. According to (CJI Interactive, 2013) crime is defined as conduct in violation of the criminal laws of state, the federal government or local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse here in the U.S.A. This only means where one is located determine whether or not it is a crime. The most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal are consensus and the conflict. In one’s mind this leads to the description of both, consensus model has to do with diverse, people thoughts, most society whom shares the same moral value system. Most people think this system is deemed harmful to the society. On the other hand conflict also is consider diverse in many ways, however, this group engage in a much power struggle with most dominant groups that makes values about the law. The main thing is without laws people could not say that something is a crime. The government structure as it applies to the criminal justice  system consists of three branches of government: Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive in which the whole system work together in preventing crime in the U.S.A. However, there are the criminal justice system for each city or state, three basic department agencies within the every state the police, courts, and the department of correction. Each of the agencies is components that work together design, and structured to be fair, integrity, and professional. The federal government has standard guideline that affects every state. Furthermore, every state has its own guideline of the laws, and some may be different in every State. In the choice theories of people assumptions in regard to crime are consensus and conflict that explain earlier in the paper. The over important theories is Due Process and Crime Control. Due process consist of individualization, quality, formality courts. Crime control would consist of standardization, quality, informality, and police. Although they are both different in our society the completion between them if one fails either way with society fail the people. In other words they both system must work not to fail our society. The components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process consist of five main components are Investigation and arrest, pretrial activities, trail, sentencing, and corrections. These agencies in the criminal justice system work hand-in-hand together as a sequence process of events that le from the arrest to the correction. Together this is the standard process the criminal justice system use in the U.S.A. In all fairness most people thinks that is a fair procedure. The goals of the criminal justice system come in components as well. Most in people are very depending on whom one asks about this, in the people or justice system. According to CJI there are many of goals and different agencies within the system emphasizing the different goals. The role of the criminal justice system is to respond in the name of society, when crimes are committed. The five criminal justice goals are deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation, restoration. In addition there is a standard process in any city. Therefore, at the end of the day it is up to whether federal, state, or city decide on what is best for the  criminals. When it is all said and over with the most important reason is to rehabilitate people and make them whole again. In summarizing, when defining crime it different from country or may be even states such as in the United State American, according to the law at hand. One feels as if many people judge the system, however, one think it is there to help and restore us as one. Writing this paper helped one to gain and give knowledge of every day crime madness in the U.S.A as well as what is consider a crime here in our culture. One has learned many things as it refer to the topic in this paper and the major points that are important through research. References Dreden, E. (2013). The Structure of Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from http://www.ehow.comLegal Schmallager, F. (2011). Criminal Justice Today. Upper Saddle River,, NJ: Pearson/ Prentice Hall. CJi Interactive Multi Media, (2011) University of Phoenix website

Irish Potato Famine Causes and Consequences

Irish Potato Famine Causes and Consequences The Irish Potato Famine was a taxing event in Irish history that claimed millions of casualties. Often referred to as the Greatest Disaster to have struck Ireland, the direct cause of the famine was due to the Potato Blight that ruined many harvests and driving the Irish population into hunger and starvation. As a result, many Irish immigrated in large numbers into the mainland of Great Britain, Canada, and the United States. The famine can be attributed as a reason for creating the early foundations of the Irish communities in America (Allan 5). However, the effects of the famine could have been extenuated had the English approached the problem differently. The English dislike for the Irish and establishment of land laws drove the Irish into a financial crisis which led the Irish into being solely dependent on the potato. This continued dependency worsened the impact of the famine (Connell 281). To properly understand why the famine ravaged the Irish population so much, one must fir st understand the historical relationship between the Irish and the English and how the potato fits into the picture. From the very beginning, the Irish and the English conflicted with each other. King Henry II of England in 1171 took advantage of fighting in Ireland to annex the island within the kingdom. However, unlike the Scottish and Welch, Ireland never wanted to coexist under the English rule. Ireland was also geographically, linguistically, and culturally distanced from England which affected its ability to work with lawmakers to keep Irish interests (Allan 7). During the spread of the protestant reformation in the 16th century Europe, religious differences between the Roman Catholic Irish and the eventual Protestant England worsened the mutual perception of each other. This gap in the relationship also had serious international diplomatic consequences as the Catholic Irish favored other Catholic nations who were often Englands enemies in this religious war. Subduing the Catholic Ireland became a very important objective to the Protestant English Crown amidst these religious wars. The period of the Tudor Conquest was a very bloody one and victory to subdue Ireland had been achieved under Elizabeth I. However, enforcing Protestantism proved to be a difficult endeavor for the later regime (Pelling 2). In lieu of using aggressive force like Elizabeth I, James I used more subtle tactics. Instead of forcibly converting the Irish Catholic into Protestants openly, he sent hordes of Protestants from England and Scotland to settle Ireland. Inevitably, this deeply hurt the English-Irish relationship and led to frequent bouts of violence throughout the 17th century. After the defeat of the Catholic James II of Boyne, a ruling Protestant class emerged out of Ireland and was supported by a collection of discriminatory laws passed, between 1620-1728, to repress Catholicism. These laws restricted Catholics from participating in politics, holding official positions, buying or inheriting land. The bishops were also subject to these laws often experiencing banishment or being forced to register and practice preaching in very limited regions. These laws were somewhat successful in converting the Catholics who wanted to escape persecution which reaffirmed the efficacy of James plan (Pelling 3). How ever, the rest of the Catholic population suffered in poverty due to the severity of these penal laws. The penal laws made it nearly impossible for Catholics to own land. As a result, most rented land from Protestant land owners. The landowners generally preferred to live in their estates and left the management of the land to agents. These agents, interested in making a profit, would rent out smaller plots of land at higher prices to the tenants. At the bottom of this hierarchy was the Irish peasant who was burdened with growing enough food for subsistence and paying the highest rent per unit of land. The introduction of the potato allowed poor Irishmen to access nutrients necessary for development not only for themselves but also for their livestock (Wong). The first Irish potatoes, grown by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1588, were introduced to the farming community. Eventually it made its way to Ireland where Irishmen quickly adopted the versatility of this crop. Before the potato, the Irish typically consumed grain and milk. The problem with these is that milk often becomes easily accessible if one has large plots of lands that allow livestock to easily graze. However, this was not the case for the sixteenth century Irish as land was constantly being captured and redistributed. The oats and grains in this case took longer to grow and poor people did not have the means to process these grains. The potato replaced grains and milk as an easy to store, easy to access alternative. Not only that, the potato could also be easily prepared by boiling it. Even in cases when Irish tenants faced confiscation during failure to pay rent, the potato could be easily hidden by burying it underground unlike the grain. Displaced people could re-grow potatoes f aster than they could with grain. Despite their situation, as long as the climate and the soil favored the potato, they could grow it without much difficulty. The potato dependency of the Irish grew out of desperate need to keep oneself and the family alive (Connell 282-3). The potato proved to be a very easily attainable crop whose nourishing effects will be seen on the Irish population over a period of time. For a very long time, the potato grew well enough in Ireland to increase the population. From 1750 to 1840, the population nearly tripled from 2.6 million to 8.5 million people. However, these increases were noticed in areas where Irish peasants grew potatoes because potatoes yielded more food per acre of land compared to any other crop. However, it would be these parts of the population that would be most affected by the potato blight (ONeill 35-6). The main culprit behind the potato famine was the Phytophthora infestans which is an oomycete. An oomycete is a fungus-like eukaryote. Not to be confused with fungus, oomycetes are responsible for some of the most devastating plant diseases-the Potato Blight being one of them (Sleigh 289). The Potato Blight spores favor warm and wet conditions. Rain and wind also play a part in helping the spores travel and infect plants over long distances. Even if the infection sets in, the early stages of blight can be easily missed as not all the plants are infected simultaneously. Signs of the blight can be seen as dark patches on the leaf of the plant. Whitish mold begins to form on the leaves and the infected tubers appear botched. Overall, the plant and its tubers begin to rot (Koepsell and Pscheidt 165). The Phytophthora infestans originated from the highlands to central Mexico. The first recorded incidence involving the blight was in the United States in 1843. The winds from the United Stat es carried the spores toward Nova Scotia which traveled across the Atlantic Ocean with a shipment of seed potatoes in 1845 heading toward Europe (Reader). Once the Blight was in Europe, it spread throughout many parts of Northern and Central Europe. By 1845 Belgium, Holland, northern France and southern England had all been stricken. (Donnelly 42). In 1845, the crops lost to the Blight have been estimated to be 50-60% (Kinealy 32). The Irish rural were hit the hardest in 1846 and that is when deaths were recorded due to starvation. This trend had a catastrophic impact for people who were completely dependent on the potato for food (Kennedy et. al 69). Not only did the Irish starve, they were faced with evictions as a result of failure to come up with proper rent payments. Poor response from the English government did not remedy the problem either. Michel, a political journalist and national activist, wrote on the English Rule on March 7, 1846 that the Irish were expecting famine day by day and owed it not to the rule of heaven as to the greedy and cruel policy of England. In the same article, he continued to write that the people believe that the season as they roll are but ministers of Englands rapacity; that their starving children cannot sit down to their scanty meal but they see the harpy claw of England in their dish. Mitchel wrote that the Irish simply watched as their food rotted away at the same time heavy-laden ships, freighted with the yellow corn their own hands have sown and reaped, spreading all sail for England (Mitchel). In The Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps), written by Mitchel in 1861, it treated the British policies toward the famine as a method to deliberately wipe out the Irish and circulated the famous phrase, The Almighty, indeed, send the potato blight, but the English created the Famine (Mitchel). Re cords indicate that Ireland exported food even during the worst of the famine. When Ireland experienced a famine in the early 1780s, the government responded by banning any exports which caused the food prices to drop quickly. However, in the case of this famine, no bans were seen in the 1840s (Kinealy 354). Cecil Woodham-Smith, author of The Great Hunger; Ireland 1845-1849, wrote that food exports in the face of the famine caused greater tensions between the Irish-English relationship. Nothing made the Irish angrier than the indisputable fact that huge quantities of food were exported from Ireland to England throughout the period when the people of Ireland were dying of starvation. Woodham-Smith notes that Ireland continued to be a net exporter of food throughout most of the famine (Ranelagh 115). Not only did the lack of an export ban hurt the Irish condition but the unwillingness of the English government to directly cull the problem made the effects of the famine worse. Lyons describes the English response to the first phase of the famine to be successful (Lyons 30). In response to the crop failure of 1845, Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel bought hundred thousand British pounds worth of corn from America. However, the shipment was delayed by weather conditions and did not arrive until 1846. Once the shipment had arrived, the corn had not been ground into its edible form. In order to do this, it would be a long process and the Irish would not be able to carry it out locally due to the lack of means (Kinealy 38). Peel also motioned to repeal the tariffs on the grain to lower their prices. However, it did not remedy the problem. As the famine continued to grow worse in 1846, the conservative party split on the issue and Peel was forced to resign on June 29 (Ranelagh 115). Peel was succeeded by Lord John Russell who incompetently acted towards the famine and worsening the humanitarian crisis. Russell and his ministry enacted a public works project with the goal of employing as many Irish as possible. However, the project proved to be difficult to handle (Kinealy 80). Under Russells ministry, Sir Charles Trevelyan served in charge of administering famine relief. His lack of action and prejudice toward the Irish was widely believed to worsen the famine (Lyons 30-4) . Trevelyan perceived the famine as mechanism for reducing surplus population and characterized the famine to be The judgment of God sent the calamity to teach the Irish a lesson, that calamity must not be too much mitigatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The real evil with which we must contend is not the physical evil of the Famine but the moral evil of the selfish, perverse and turbulent character of the people (ORiorden). The new Russell ministry then strictly followed the laissez-faire belief which led to a stop of the government based food and relief which left many people without work, food, or money (Woodham-Smith 408-11) . After abandoning these projects, relief was primarily supplied through workhouses and soup kitchens. However, the cost of carrying these projects fell on local hands, primarily on the landlords who would in turn evict the tenants to avoid carrying out this responsibility (Lyons 33). Landlords were responsible for paying on behalf of tenants who paid less than  £ 4 in annual rent. Consequently, landlords who housed many poorer tenants caused them to be a liability. To solve this issue, landlords began evicting tenants from the smaller plots to clear any debt. According to James Donnelly Jr., almost 250,000 people were evicted between 1849 and 1854 (Poirteir 155). In West Clare alone, landlords evicted families by the thousands. After Clare, County Mayo evictions accounted for 10% of all evictions between this time. One of the worst evictors being Earl of Lucan who purportedly owned over 60,000 acres of land, evicted around 2,000 tenants and used the empty land for grazing (Litton 96). In response to this, violence occasionally broke out against the landlords. Lord Clarendon appealed to Russell out of fear of a revolt but was ignored because Russell held them mostly responsible. Russell was quoted saying It is quite true that landlords in England would not like to be shot like hares and partridgesbut neither does any landlord in England turn out fifty persons at once and burn their houses over their heads, giving them no provision for the future. Despite Russells disagreement over the issue, the Crime and Outrage Act was passed in the December of 1847 to cull any additional rebellions (Litton 98-99). Another example of unwise policy making under Russell ministrys wing was the Gregory clause. Donnelly describes it to be a particularly vicious amendment to the Irish Poor Law which would prevent certain tenants who had more than quarter-acre of land from receiving any assistance. The Gregory clause was welcomed by the poor law commissioners who saw it as an easy way out of administering relief. However, many, including Donnelly, would agree that this clause was indirectly a death-dealing instrument (Donnelly 110). In the light of the circumstances created by the famine, many Irish families resorted to emigration which paved one of the early f oundations of the Irish American communities. During the famine, the Irish emigrated to England, Scotland, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Traveling such distances was not without a price. It is estimated that one out of five died from disease and malnutrition and mortality rates of 30% on the coffin ships were not unusual (The Shiplist). Due to starvation, evictions, and sub-human living conditions, about 2 million left Ireland by 1854. Most Irish immigrants in America made up a significant population in Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore by 1850s. The 1851 census report indicated large influx of the Irish in Toronto, Ontario making up over a half of their population. Canadian cities such as Saint John, Quebec city, Montreal, Ottawa, and Hamilton also experienced a sharp influx of Irish immigrants (Gray 97-9). Although some Irish managed to escape the famine, not everyone had the opportunity or the means to do so. Many, unfortunately, lost their lives to the famine. It isnt known how many exactly died during the Famine but it is believed that more died from diseases than from starvation. Official record keeping by the government had not yet started and the Roman Catholic Church records were not complete either (The General Register Office). However, many eye witness accounts suggested some characteristics of the famine and diseases that afflicted the Irish. English Quaker William Bennett in Mayo wrote about three children huddled together, lying there because they were too weak to rise, pale and ghastly, their little limbsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦perfectly emaciated, eyes sunk, voice gone, and evidently in the last stages of actual starvation. Marasmic children, who suffered from a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition, greatly disturbed Quaker Joseph Crosfield who witnessed, in 1846, a heart-rending scene of poor wretches in the last stages of famine imploring to be received into the house. Some of the children were worn to skeletons, their features sharpened with hunger, and their limbs wasted almost to the bone. It has been a difficult task for historians to predict a close number of lives lost to the famine due to poor record keeping. The disputed information gathered by the census commissioners for deaths occurred since 1841 found that there were 21,770 deaths that occurred from starvation and 400,720 deaths from disease. The diseases thought to have caused these deaths were fever, dysentery, cholera, smallpox, and influenza. The census commissioners remarked that The greater the amount of destitution of mortality, the less will be the amount of recorded deaths derived from any household form;-for not only were whole families swept away by disease, but whole villages were effaced from off the land. (Kennedy,et.al 106) Historians also believe that it is a reasonable scenario for disease to be so rampant considering the living conditions of the Irish during the famine. The most important factor towards spreading diseases is enabling human contact under unsanitary conditions. Mass gatherings at the soup kitchens and work houses served as ideal conditions for pathogens to spread from one person to another. Many diseases also afflicted the Irish due to malnutrition. Nutritional induced illnesses were starvation, marasmus (protein deficiency), and Dropsy (Edema). What made these diseases worse is that non-nutritional dependent diseases manifested severely in starved people than they would in otherwise normal individuals (Kennedy, et al. 104). Keeping all these conditions in mind, a likely estimate of deaths were approximated to one million from disease and starvation. Another million have been believed to have emigrated out of Ireland. As a result, some scholars estimate that the Irish population was reduced by 20 to 25 percent (H. Kennedy 43). Even after the famine had past, it still continued to affect the Irish political scene and still continues to be a controversial event in Irish history. The poor British policies toward the famine stirred unforgivable and unforgettable anger within the Irish. Many Irish who emigrated to the United States quickly became part of associations that favored Irelands independence and repeal of the Act of Union. The famine and its causes became the main foundation of Irish emigrant anger. Most of them viewed it to be the reason for leaving Ireland in the first place. John Mitchel, journalist for the Nation, expressed the emigrants angry sentiments when he wrote: The Almighty indeed sent the potato blight but the English created the famine, a million and half men, women, children were carefully, prudently, and peacefully slain by the English government. They died of hunger in the midst of abundance which their own hands created. (Mitchel, English Rule) As a result, these sentiments ignited the desire for Ireland to secede from Englands grasp. After a failed 1848 rebellion (also known as the Famine rebellion) led by the Young Irelanders, some of the members fled to America. In the absence of British restrictions, the Young Irelanders encouraged anti-British sentiments and began another group referred to as the Fenian Brotherhood and its Irish counterpart being the Irish Republican Brotherhood devoted toward eradicating the British rule from Ireland. This Brotherhood also went so far as to recruit the Irish Americans who served in the Civil War to take part in an insurrection in Ireland. However, this plan would fail due to poor communications. However, this did not discourage the Irish from advancing the cause for independence. This time, the Irish Revolutionaries chose to pursue a movement that was grassroots although Irish American help would not be turned away (The History Place). The fight for independence would continue well in to the 20th century still fueled by what the Irish, and some historians, believe to be a man-made famine. Even in modern times, some historians suggest that the British inaction classifies the famine as an attempt to systematically wipe out the Irish. Francis A. Boyle, a law professor of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, wrote in 1996 a report that the English government attempted to ethnically cleanse the Irish through enforcing policies aimed to hurt the Irish as a group (Ritschel). Historian Peter Duffy wrote that The governments crime, which deserves to blacken its name forever was based in the effort to regenerate Ireland by landlord-engineered replacement of tillage plots with grazing lands that took precedence over the obligation to provide food for its starving citizens. It is little wonder that the policy looked to many people like genocide. (Duffy 297-8) However, historians such as Cormac O Grada assert that the Famine should not be considered a genocide because the sentiment to exterminate the Irish as a group of people was absent. O Grada, instead, claims that the F amine was an extreme case of neglect and poor decision making on the English governments part (O Grada 10).

Racism and Sexism in the Bluest Eye Essay -- American Literature Toni

Toni Morrison, the author of The Bluest Eye, centers her novel around two things: beauty and wealth in their relation to race and a brutal rape of a young girl by her father. Morrison explores and exposes these themes in relation to the underlying factors of black society: racism and sexism. Every character has a problem to deal with and it involves racism and/or sexism. Whether the characters are the victim or the aggressor, they can do nothing about their problem or condition, especially when concerning gender and race. Morrison's characters are clearly at the mercy of preconceived notions maintained by society. Because of these preconceived notions, the racism found in The Bluest Eye is not whites against blacks. Morrison writes about the racism of lighter colored blacks against darker colored blacks and rich blacks against poor blacks. Along with racism within the black community, sexism is exemplified both against women and against men. As Morrison investigates the racism and se xism of the community of Lorain, Ohio, she gives the reader more perspective as to why certain characters do or say certain things. Morrison provides the reader with a light-skinned black character whose racist attitudes affect the poorer, darker blacks in the community, especially the main characters, Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove. Maureen Peal comes from a rich black family and triggers admiration along with envy in every child at school, including Claudia. Although Maureen is light-skinned, she embodies everything that is considered "white," at least by Claudia's standards: "Patent leather shoes with buckles...fluffy sweaters the color of lemon drops tucked into skirts with pleats... brightly colored knee socks with white borders, a brown ... ...m or desert him. It should be understood that Morrison's novel is filled with many characters and many examples of racism and sexism and the foundations for such beliefs in the black community. Every character is the victim or an aggressor of racism of sexism in all its forms. Morrison succeeds in shedding light on the racism and sexism the black community had to endure on top of racism and sexism outside of the community. She shows that racism and sexism affect everyone's preconceived notions regarding race and gender and how powerful and prevalent the notions are. Within the community, racism affects how people's views of beauty and skin can be skewed by other's racist thoughts; sexism shapes everyone in the community's reactions to different forms of rape. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. Afterward by Toni Morrison. New York: Penguin, 2004.

Compare my last duchess and Porhyrias lover considering in particular

Compare my last duchess and Porhyria's lover considering in particular how the 2 central characters are presented. Both poems, "My Last Duchess" and "Porphyria's Lover" have similarities and differences. This can be seen in the two central characters, content and language. In "My Last Duchess" the duke, a rich upper class man, is talking to a messenger of a count whose daughter he wishes to marry. This poem begins in front of his last Duchess painting which is on the wall in the Duke's home. Throughout the poem, we discover the characteristics of the Duke and learn about the murder of the Duchess. "Porphyria's Lover" however begins in the lover's cottage. The poem describes a night they spent together and the murder of Porphyria. Throughout this poem, we also learn about the characteristics of the Lover. Both poems are linked through the murder of Porphyria and the Duchess. Firstly, in "My Last Duchess", the Duke is controlling. This can be seen in "The curtain I have drawn for you, but I". This tells us that the duke was in control over who saw the painting because there was a curtain present over the painting. This can also suggest that the Duke, still, thought that he had control over his late wife. This also shows the Duke being selfish and powerful. The Duke's selfishness can also be seen later in the poem. This can be seen in "A heart, how shall I say? - too soon made glad, /Too easily impressed" and "She looked on and her looks went everywhere." It would appear that the Duke was not impressed by the supposed flirtatious actions of the Duchess. This is because he wanted the Duchess to be completely his. Therefore we can see that the Duke was also a jealous man. Another characteristic of the... ...hat Porphyria, now completely belongs to the Lover. The language used here can help us establish something about the metal state of the lover. We can see that, unlike the Duke, he has psychiatric problems. His looking up to God could suggest he was trying to justify his actions by gaining God's support or he felt no guilt over what he had done. In conclusion, both poems are dramatic monologues. This is when one speaker relates the entire poem as if it was another speaker presenting the speaker. They both carry a question of ambiguity. For example we are not certain whether the Duchess was flirtatious or whether Porphyria was proud. We are not told what exactly happens in both poems. Therefore, it is up to us to intrrreperate what is happening in the two poems. Finally, any information which we are given comes from the narrator and this may not reliable.

Daniel Quinn’s Ishmael - Paradigms of Yesterday Essay -- Quinn Ishmae

Ishmael:  Ã‚   Paradigms of Yesterday  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Come with me if you want to live," was all that Arnold Schwarzenegger said in his movie Terminator 2: Judgement Day, and after reading Daniel Quinn's masterpiece Ishmael, one might well receive the impression Quinn echoes such sentiments. Few books have as much relevancy in this technological, ever-changing world as Ishmael. In the beginning, according to Ishmael, God created Man to live peacefully on Earth, sustained by the fruitful bounties of Earth and subject to God's control. That is, until Man ate of the Tree of Good and Evil in the Garden Of Eden, and conveniently forgot all the rules God had so graciously placed in front of him. From that point on, the Caucasian race, full of vanity and pride for having seen so clearly what was good on the Earth and what was not, decided to subjugate the Earth to its will. During this turn of events, totalitarian agriculture was born. And God just shook his head. Fortunately, there are creatures on the Earth still willing to teach Man about his roots, and at the same time save Man from his selfdestructive impulses. Enter Ishmael, a gorilla with a conscience. Yes, a gorilla. Caged and controlled by man, Ishmael developed a self-awareness of his situation and of man's. Realizing that his destiny is intertwined with man's, he decides to save man from himself. Placing an ad in the papers, Ishmael finds a willing if disillusioned student, and presents a course of education guaranteed to save the world. Makes one wonder if the sign in Ishmael's office reads true, "With gorilla gone, will man survive?" The pupil finds that all he has learned about history is a lie, created by power hungry men two thousand years ago intent on ruling the w... ...If one does, one ends up fragmenting the entire food chain. Ecologically speaking, the Taker way of life was doomed from the beginning. However, the reader experiences a sense of pleasure as Quinn points out that many of the primitive societies have a great deal of wisdom they can teach the world on how to live in a self-sustaining society. Of course, new ideas will mean that the paradigms of yesterday will have to be discarded. However, if innovative solutions to today's ecological problems can be found, and the wisdom of ages is preserved, man has a shot at not committing cultural suicide. In trying to control all other life on the planet man has overstepped his bounds. In the end, man must realize that he is interconnected to all other life on Earth. Just consider, for a moment, the reverse side of Ishmael's office sign. "With man gone, will gorilla survive?"

A Birthday Remembered Essay

Love is very complicated, not just butterflies in one’s stomach, but it also involves a lot of pain. The pain is not easy to drain. We have to confront ourselves with the pain and get over it, but that’s easier said than done. We restrain our feelings and try to forget them. This only causes an even bigger pain. That is the situation for Ellen, the main character in this short story. Ellen’s love life has been complicated, she is a lesbian and obliged to listen to people’s prejudices. Her one and only love, Jackie, dies caused by an incurable illness and she is not allowed to bury her â€Å"She has not been allowed to do this one last thing for Jackie. To be with her during the last rituals.† (l.24-25). Because of Jackie’s former husband, Roger, whom she has left to live with Ellen, but he could not accept his wife being a lesbian, because of his man-stubbornness and he even tried to declare her temporarily insane (l.15). Jackie’s daug hter on the other hand thinks that what Ellen and Jackie had was wonderful and beautiful, but you don’t know yet if she’s a lesbian herself or a heterosexual (l.102). The short story is written in third-person (l. 8) â€Å"why shouldn’t she?† The narrator is not omniscient, but we have inner-angel from Aunt El since we only â€Å"hear† thoughts from her, and not from Tobie or Warrick. (line. 104) â€Å"She felt the shock of the words†. You can’t really tell if the narrator is reliable or not, since we don’t know which connection he has to any of those in the story. Neither does he try to make anyone to seem like the â€Å"bad guy†, but the narrator is making us feel sorry for Aunt El, for her big lost Jackie. (L. 24 & 89) â€Å"She hadn’t been allowed to do this one last thing for Jackie† â€Å"but we have to get used to living without loved ones†. The language used in this short story is very well written and is very descriptive, because of all the adjectives being used, which makes the story way more â€Å"living†. (l. 12) â€Å"Roger had been furious, appalled and ang ry..† although the story is very well written it’s also a bit harsh to understand, because of some of all these adjectives and expressions. At line 37 there might be a flashback â€Å"here’s to you, Ellen Simms, on your birthday†. See more: The stages of consumer buying decision process essay The reason that this maybe could be a flashback is firstly because of the changing of the type, at only that sentence, which might give an account of her past together with Jackie before her death. One thing that was striking me was that the story is written in the preterit, but at the same time the narrator uses direct speech, which I think is a bit odd, since you normally writes the whole story in either present or the past, and very seldom a combination of the 2 indication of times. We have two main characters in this story, who’s Aunt El and Tobie: Aunt El / Ellen Simms is an old women who lives by herself. She used to be heterosexual and lived together with a man named Roger. They had a kid together named Tobie which is 15 years old. Ellen chooses to leave Roger because she’s changing her sexuality, and becomes a lesbian and falls in love with Jackie. But unfortunately Jackie died one year from now on, which leaves her alone with Tobie, and chooses to return back t o the father Roger. Ellen is a very obliging and kind person. She really misses her old flame Jackie, and cares a lot about Tobie whether her sexuality is heterosexual or lesbian (l. 83) â€Å"suppose it had been a girl? People choose who they want.† She seems considerate, when she offers Tobie and Warrick a hot cocoa, and remembers that young’s always are hungry and decides to make them some sandwiches. Tobie is daughter of Ellem Simms and the late Jackie. She’s 15 years old, but doesn’t have an abundance of friends (l. 20) â€Å"Tobie never had an abundance of friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She has short blond hair, had lineament from her father and a nice smile (l. 53-55). She cares about Ellen, since she’s the only one who shows up at her birthday and brings a present, which she has been saving money, for about a week. The way she earns these money is through her job in the library (l. 68) â€Å"I’m a library page after school..† helpful is also a good word, that would describe, which you can see in the story, when she offers her help to go and make cocoa together with Ellen. It seems she trusts Ellen more than her own father, since she decides to show Warrick for Ellen instead of her father. The message in this short story, is that pain will always be there, but only temporary, but at the same time hard to get over. That love is a big (maybe the biggest) part of our life and we should not regret, but remember the good times you’ve had with those you’ve loved. Don’t take anything in vain, live your life. And it doesn’t care if you are a heterosexual, lesbian or gay, just as long as you are happy. The title of this story is â€Å"a birthday remembered† which I guess is chosen because of all the emotional feelings that’s stepping in strength through this story and especially the quote from the daughters side â€Å"I hope it will be as wonderful and beautiful as what you and mom had together†.

Why did stalemate develop on the western front?

Stalemate A deadlock in battle situation where n each font makes any progress. Stalemate occurred in the westbound front, during 1914-16 because of the threat of the Germans losing some land caught from the french, which the French regained afterward a counter-attack. Both countries distinguishable to defend so therefore take a focus take advantagees from the Swiss mountains all(a) the way to the sea. They did this because of the twain the Generals had no back plan and couldnt ideate of another plan. A further moment is that both armies were nearly matched in dominance and ammunition, even without akin sized armies.During the 1914s trench state of war had developed, instead of what happened in the competitiveness of the Somme, Generals make precautions to protect their armies. Subsequently after Frances counter-attack to regain the land lost to the Germans, Germany didnt expect to be pushed back any further, so the Germans decided to dig trenches starting from the Swi ss mountains all the way to the sea. It was the race to the sea.An supernumerary campaign of why standstill occurred was the superiority of defence mechanism. During the wars beyond the 1914 all the countries did was attack with either nails or running across no mans land with guns. The only defence was the burred wire. However after the Battle of the Somme, cliquish George Coppard said that hundreds of the soldiers had died on the enemy wire. He as well as said The Germans must shake off been reinforcing the wire months. It was so thick that twenty-four hours could barley be seen through it.This launched that the Germans had been opinion antiaircraftly as well has attackingly. some other defensive based weapon is the mold gun, the British and the French underestimated it, however the Germans utilise it much to a greater claim against their Allies. After the attacks, which caused heavy casualties both forces make sure, they had an endless supply of machine guns and ammunition. The trenches were also a strong defence as they sheltered promenade and kept their filth behind them. During the battle of the Somme the Germans trenches were re-enforced inside with concrete showing that trenches were thought of a defence mechanism.The stalemate could have occurred by the detail that both Generals had a lack of forces expertise. General Von Kluck and General Joffe had no back-up plans in case their original plans had failed. Also Generals had been employ 19th century rules in a 20th century battle show their incompetence of the runing a war. I know this because General Haig wanted to fight a battle with men on horseback showing his lack of learning of being a General.Another likely motive of stalemate is that both Armies were closely matched, and not in size, but in strength, weapons, ammunition and artillery. Both forces had the same weapons of defence and attack much(prenominal) as machine gun, barbed wire and shell ammunition. None of the forces had the same amount of troops in their armies as Russia had the largest Army but was badly organised which gave the Germans a belittled chance. The French and British Armies combined was a big force but so was the Germans and Austria-Hungarys. Both Armies had adopted the same method of fighting making it even more of a closer combat.My conclusion is that stalemate occurred because, not one, but many reasons such as the incompetence of the Generals who didnt have a back up plan so had to make do with trenches, also the way the weapons and way of fighting have changed from all out attack to a defensive encounter, which the generals couldnt figure out. The most apparent reason I find is the how trench warfare had developed and the race to the sea, which showed that neither outlandish didnt, was to lose any more territory.